The following nanomedicine FAQ and their answers have been compiled by Robert A. Freitas Jr.
3. What would be the physical appearance of a human who has been injected with medical nanorobots?In most cases a human patient who is is undergoing a nanomedical treatment is going to look just like anyone else who is sick. The typical nanomedical treatment (e.g. to combat a bacterial or viral infection) will consist of an injection of perhaps a few cubic centimeters of micron-sized nanorobots suspended in fluid (probably a water/saline suspension). The typical therapeutic dose may include up to 1-10 trillion (1 trillion = 1012) individual nanorobots, although in some cases treatment may only require a few million or a few billion individual devices to be injected. Each nanorobot will be on the order of perhaps 0.5 micron up to perhaps 3 microns in diameter. (The exact size depends on the design, and on exactly what the nanorobots are intended to do.)
The adult human body has a volume of perhaps 100,000 cm3 and a blood volume of ~5400 cm3, so adding a mere ~3 cm3 dose of nanorobots is not particularly invasive. The nanorobots are going to be doing exactly what the doctor tells them to do, and nothing more (barring malfunctions). So the only physical change you will see in the patient is that he or she will very rapidly become well again. Most symptoms such as fever and itching have specific biochemical causes which can also be managed, reduced, and eliminated using the appropriate injected nanorobots. Major rashes or lesions such as those that occur when you have the measles will take a bit longer to reverse, because in this case the broken skin must also be repaired.
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